Introduction
In Romans 9:30-33, Paul concludes this chapter by contrasting two approaches to righteousness: one based on faith and the other based on works. The Gentiles, who did not pursue righteousness through the law, attained it by faith, while Israel, who sought righteousness through the law, stumbled over Christ, the cornerstone. This passage emphasizes the centrality of faith in salvation and warns against relying on self-righteousness or religious effort to attain God’s favor.
Passage: Romans 9:30-33 ESV
“What shall we say, then? That Gentiles who did not pursue righteousness have attained it, that is, a righteousness that is by faith; but that Israel who pursued a law that would lead to righteousness did not succeed in reaching that law. Why? Because they did not pursue it by faith, but as if it were based on works. They have stumbled over the stumbling stone, as it is written, ‘Behold, I am laying in Zion a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offense; and whoever believes in him will not be put to shame.'”
Exegesis and Key Themes
- The Righteousness of Faith (Romans 9:30)
Paul highlights the surprising reality that Gentiles, who did not actively pursue righteousness through the law, attained it by faith in Christ. This demonstrates that salvation is not earned but given to those who trust in God’s provision.
Cross-reference: Ephesians 2:8-9 - The Failure of Law-Based Righteousness (Romans 9:31-32)
Israel’s failure to achieve righteousness stemmed from their reliance on works instead of faith. They pursued the law as an end in itself rather than seeing it as pointing to their need for a Savior.
Cross-reference: Galatians 2:16 - The Stumbling Stone (Romans 9:33)
Paul quotes Isaiah to describe Christ as both a “stone of stumbling” and a “rock of offense.” Those who rely on their works stumble over Him, while those who believe in Him are not put to shame.
Cross-reference: 1 Peter 2:6-8
Theological Reflection
This passage underscores the contrast between legalism and faith:
- Legalism: Relying on personal effort to achieve righteousness. Israel’s failure illustrates the futility of trying to earn salvation through works.
- Faith: Trusting in Christ’s finished work for salvation. The Gentiles’ attainment of righteousness demonstrates the power of grace to save even those who were far from God.
This also highlights the dual response to Christ as the cornerstone. For some, He is a stumbling block that exposes their self-righteousness; for others, He is the foundation of their faith and hope.
Life Application
- Am I pursuing righteousness by faith or works?
Reflect on whether you rely on your own efforts or on Christ’s finished work for salvation.
Reference: Philippians 3:9 - Have I embraced Christ as my cornerstone?
Consider how Christ serves as the foundation of your life. Are there areas where you are still stumbling over self-reliance?
Reference: Matthew 7:24-25 - Am I sharing the simplicity of faith with others?
Paul’s message challenges us to proclaim the gospel’s simplicity: righteousness comes through faith in Christ, not works.
Reference: Romans 10:9-10 - How do I respond to those who stumble over Christ?
Be patient and compassionate with those who struggle to accept Christ, praying that God will open their eyes to the truth.
Reference: 2 Corinthians 4:3-4
Conclusion
Romans 9:30-33 is a profound reminder that salvation is a gift of grace received by faith. While human effort falls short, Christ provides the way to righteousness. For those who believe in Him, He is the cornerstone of their hope and salvation. However, for those who rely on their own works, He remains a stumbling block. Let us rest in the righteousness that comes through faith, building our lives on Christ, the solid foundation, and sharing this message with others who have yet to believe.
